Table 1 Overall effect of different environmental factors on microbial (prokaryotes) structure. PERMANOVA and pairwise-adonis results on weighted-UniFrac distance matrix showing the effect of seasons, geographical locations (Upazila), culture system, and water physicochemistry on bacterial communities of the aquaculture pond water. Samples between June-2017 and May-2018 meet the criteria where all the aforementioned variables were available and therefore only these samples were included in this model. Significance code: *: p-value < 0.05; **: p-value ≤ 0.01; ***: p-value ≤ 0.001

Season

0.12

37.67

0.001

***

Upazila

0.13

39.10

0.001

***

Culture system

0.04

11.39

0.001

***

Temperature

0.02

12.00

0.001

***

Salinity

0.01

4.80

0.002

**

pH

0.02

13.12

0.001

***

DO

0.01

4.91

0.001

***

Pairwise comparison

R²

F-Model

p-adjusted (BH) value

Significance

Monsoon2 vs. Winter2

0.12

42.54

0.001

***

Monsoon2 vs. Pre-monsoon2

0.09

26.58

0.001

***

Winter2 vs. Pre-monsoon2

0.04

10.32

0.001

***

Muktagacha vs. Jamalpur Sadar

0.11

41.68

0.001

***

Muktagacha vs. Tarakanda

0.13

35.97

0.001

***

Jamalpur Sadar vs. Tarakanda

0.07

17.31

0.001

***

Pangasius-monoculture vs. Pangasius-polyculture

0.06

12.81

0.001

***

Pangasius-monoculture vs. Tilapia-polyculture

0.12

42.04

0.001

***

Pangasius-polyculture vs. Tilapia-monoculture

0.07

7.99

0.001

***

Pangasius-polyculture vs. Tilapia-polyculture

0.07

11.29

0.001

***

Tilapia-monoculture vs. Tilapia-polyculture

0.03

6.54

0.001

***

Pangasius-monoculture vs. Tilapia-monoculture#

0.10

28.65

0.001

***