Fig. 5

Bacterial composition, diversity and shared ASVs in fish mono- and polyculture systems and crop species. A) Bacterial composition of top 10 families in PM (Pangasius-monoculture), PP (Pangasius-polyculture), TM (Tilapia-monoculture), TP (Tilapia-polyculture), pangasius and tilapia (ponds with only pangasius and only tilapia) culture systems. Box plots showing alpha diversity (Shannon) of pangasius-monoculture and polyculture system (B); tilapia-monoculture and polyculture system (C); pangasius and tilapia ponds (D). PCoA ordination plots with weighted-UniFrac distance matrix showing beta diversity between PM and PP systems (E); between TM and TP systems (F); and between pangasius and tilapia culture systems (G). Venn diagrams showing shared and unique ASVs between PM and PP (H), TM and TP (I), and pangasius-tilapia (J). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test (*: p-value < 0.05; **: p-value < 0.01; ***: p-value < 0.001; ****: p-value < 0.0001)