Fig. 2

Microbial diversity in meadows (a–c) and its impact on ecosystem multifunctionality (d–f). ASM, alpine swamp meadow. AKM, alpine Kobresia meadow. SDM, severely degraded alpine meadow. ASR, short-term restored meadow (≤ 5 years). ALR, long-term restored meadow (6–14 years). Error bars are standard errors of the mean. Means with different lowercase letters within bacteria and fungi differ from each other (p < 0.05). ACE, abundance-based coverage estimate