Fig. 1

Total percent of the root length colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in fine roots of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (n = 4), inoculated and non-inoculated (Control), with five bioinoculants. The boxplots show the first and third quartile ranges, with the line in the box representing the median. The whiskers extend from the first and third quartiles to values that are not within 1.5 × interquartile range from both directions. Data beyond the whiskers are presented as individual circles. Letters indicate differences in AMF colonization among inoculum treatments detected using Tukey’s honest significant difference post-hoc test derived from the linear model analysis of variance at α = 0.05 and ANOVA p-values shown