Fig. 1

Sampling site and experimental strategy. (A) Photograph of the study site (10 m²), showing an overview of the distribution of the study plant (Pappostipa frigida) in the left inset, and the two soil compartments sampled: bulk soil (BS) and rhizosphere soil (RS) in the right inset. (B) Box plots of iron concentration in soil samples (µg/L) for non-supplemented samples: 1 (without irrigation) and 2 (irrigated with water) (white boxplots), and iron-supplemented samples: 1 (irrigated with 0.1 mM FeSO₄) and 2 (irrigated with 0.5 mM FeSO₄) (grey boxplots). In the right inset, box plots show iron concentration in root samples (µg/g DW). Letters indicate Kruskal-Wallis comparisons (p ≤ 0.05). The bottom and top of each box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, the horizontal line within the box is the median, and the ends of the whiskers represent the limits of the distribution, inferred from the upper and lower quartiles. Dots represent individual samples. The red arrow indicates the lowest iron levels reported in agronomic soils (Eshel et al., 2021)